In reverse, whitecap coverage and surface wind stress can be retrieved from microwave radiometer data by employing pre-calculated solutions of an analytical microwave thermal emission model that yields good agreement with field measurements. In this respect, microwave radiometer data can be used to evaluate various formulations of the drag coefficient, whitecap coverage, and surface wave spectrum. In the forward solution of microwave thermal emission, the input forcing parameter is wind speed, which is used to generate the modeled surface wind stress, surface wave spectrum, and whitecap coverage necessary for the subsequent electromagnetic (EM) computation. Whitecap contribution is a critical component of ocean surface microwave thermal emission. For close to a half century of quantitative whitecap reporting, only a small number of observations are obtained under conditions with wind speed exceeding 25 m/s. Whitecaps manifest surface wave breaking that impacts many ocean processes, of which surface wind stress is the driving force. Wave breaking, Wind stress, Wind waves, Severe storms, Microwave observations, Satellite observations Journal Of Physical Oceanography (0022-3670) (American Meteorological Society), 2019-09, Vol. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Brest, Franceģ : Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA 94501, USAĤ : Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 ,USAĢ : Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatial (LOPS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Univ. 1, Reul Nicolas 2, Meissner Thomas 3, Yueh Simon H. Send us feedback about these examples.Whitecap and Wind Stress Observations by Microwave Radiometers: Global Coverage and Extreme Conditions Type These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'whitecap.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. 2019 The promise of kiteboarding is that a wind strong enough to draw small whitecaps from the water can take you on a magic-carpet ride. 2019 Kip Louttit, executive director of the Marine Exchange of Southern California, a nonprofit that monitors ship traffic, said that a whale’s blowhole can be easily confused with the whitecaps of the sea. 2022 Downed trees, hurricane force winds, whitecaps on the bay and widespread power outages were the supporting cast of a drama that played up and down the Golden State. Walter Nicklin, Washington Post, 13 Aug. 2023 There’s even an occasional whitecap. 2023 But as quickly as the national craziness over aerial phenomena began, the military packed up and went home, leaving the answers encased in Arctic ice and under the whitecaps of Lake Huron. 2023 The Los Angeles River roared to life, spewing whitecaps as water churned along the concrete channel. Carl Nolte, San Francisco Chronicle, 25 Feb. 2023 Big winds and puffy clouds, whitecaps on the bay and talk about snow in the hills. Karen Ruffini, Travel + Leisure, 5 Mar. Recent Examples on the Web With palm trees, a wide, flat beach, and whitecaps, this is classic California.
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